Smart city transportation is revolutionizing the way urban areas address mobility challenges, integrating cutting-edge technology and sustainable practices. From advanced public transit systems to data-driven traffic management, smart cities like London and Manchester showcase how innovation enhances urban mobility. This sample report, prepared for a management student, highlights the high-quality assignment help we provide, offering detailed insights into the role of technology in shaping efficient and eco-friendly transportation systems for future cities.
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Assignment Question:
Analyze the role of technology in transforming transportation systems within smart cities. Discuss the impact of innovation on urban mobility, using examples from cities like London and Manchester, and explore strategies for sustainable and efficient transportation development.
Word Count:
1,500–2,000 words
Referencing Style:
APA (7th Edition)
Smart Cities: The Role of Innovation and Technology in Transportation
1.0 Introduction
As the world is advancing toward modernization, one cannot afford to keep the pace slow and get stuck in this pool of backwardness. To keep society advanced one needs first to make the surroundings smart. As it is said charity begins at home, to make the livelihood smart, one needs to make their family smart then the neighbours then the community,, and then eventually the city. Now, it is the basic necessity that the city where people live in can provide them with the basic need, so that individuals can strive towards advancement. Then the question is raised as to why the city needs to get smart (Meijer & Thaens, 2018).
The basic reason is that the city in which people live must provide people with basic amenities. Now though the needs of basic amenities change from person to person, some of the basic amenities remain the same. Like the place in which one lives in, that place should have all year round water supply. Water is the basic element out of the four elements of life. If the place, where people live, does not have clean drinking and household water, then that place cannot be used for living. Thus foremost thing a city needs is a channeled systematic water supply. In addition to that, there should be techniques via which fresh water can be supplied to every place (Ljungholm, 2018). The system of roads, now the place should have a proper connection of roads and flyovers so that every corner of the city is well connected. The traffic should be controlled. It should be made possible that every vehicle on the road can move with its ease and there is no point where a car-logging situation is taking place. There should be universal access to a cleaner form of energy. Cleaner energy means that the forms of energy would help us to strive towards industrialization. There should be access to energy for all that is everyone should get their half of energy be it renewable or non-renewable (Abdel-Basset & Mohamed, 2018).
Among crude forms, petroleum and oil and natural gas supply are a must for all citizens. Then there comes the alarming concern of a city that is there should be a strong sense of safety and security. The locality of the city should be safe where each citizen can feel that they are safe and that they are well protected by the city police force (Berry& Berry, 2018). The communication system should be well girded so that any lawbreaker can be easily detected and anyone who has breached the law can be penalised rightly. There should be very less crime rate, and this can be achieved if the police force can rightly connect to the area where the crime takes places. It is further important for the police to collect full proof evidence which can support punishment for the one who is convicted. As by 2050 the whole world would have toiled on globalisation it becomes a great challenge to provide the citizens with a city which has all the noted points in it and gives the best comfort to its citizen (Meijer & Thaens, 2018).
1.1 Aim of the Study
The aims that are needed to make a city a smart city can be summarised in the following. That is the most vital aim is to have a sufficient supply of transportation service. A smart city should have twenty-four seven transport service available. Giant cities require a huge supply of transport, the total technological load of the city comes upon the shoulders of these supply thus the government has to make sure that it does not create any problem and deliver secure transport service to all. It is impossible to build up the basic blocks of the city without better transport service. Thus, it can be concluded that no supply is equal to no smart city (Dixon, Lannon & Eames, 2018).
The city government can also collaborate with business giants, as they will help in the upliftment of the city. From other data, it can be concluded that the structure planning of the city must play an important role (Berry & Berry, 2018). Thus a strong team of civil engineers can group up and manage the setup of a well-structured city road that connects well in every corner. The flyovers provide a faster mode of transport to the desired destination and the housings are correctly set up. Now the planning of buildings is very important, as it requires immense skill. All the houses should be at a good gap so that any calamity in one house would not affect another. Then sky-scrappers should be well built and may be able to hold seismic waves so that any natural destruction cannot take the city on its toil. Thus, the cities seek help from ICE Systems in building their smart cities. These above-mentioned points should be the aim of building a smart city (Yiming, 2018).
1.2 Structure of the study
The paper starts with the smart city planning concept which relies on the ICE systems and the ICE market strategy board. This report discusses the two ways that help to build smart cities. The former generally is focused on how the roads are built and how will the roads help in the communication of the citizenss. The traffic should be controlled. It should be made possible that every vehicle on the road can move with its ease and there is no point where a car-logging situation is taking place. There should be universal access to a cleaner form of energy (Sengers, Späth & Raven, 2018). The study further highlights the examples of smart cities and thereby analyses the topic in detail It will also discuss the chiefs of the technological giants who will make the technological advancements of the city grow at a much higher pace. These leading chiefs agree on the point that the infrastructure of the city decides how fast the city will advance towards smartness. This also helps the standards of the developing city and also the ones who regulate the city (Han & Hawken, 2018).
2.0 Literature Review
2.1 Definition of Smart City
Building a city smart is the most challenging work in this era. People need to think about the socio-economic development so that they can make them consistent with new social needs. Social inclusion and territorial livability althe so the most important parts of this smart city plan (Paskaleva, Cooper & Concilo, 2018). There are many sections in which the development plan is needed the most to make a city smart and those are mobility, economy environment, living and people, etc. Sustainability and competitiveness play a great role in the smart city. If a city does not have, sustainability and competitiveness that means those cities are not smart at all. Between 2015 and 2050, the population of this world will increase by 33%. Global technology companies are also helped by this smart city plan (Elhoseny et al., 2018). Those companies are taking this opportunity to sell new technology and digital information to a smart city. A smart payment system also added some value to a smart city plan. All the citizenss of those cities can get the benefit from that. They can spend their money without any problem with entertainment, even,,ts and more places in this digital payment system.
The term ‘smart city’ has been appearing in the literature since 1990 but was popularised by IBM in 2010 through the Smarter Cities Challenge. In the wake of the global financial crisis, IBM targeted their technology offer at city infrastructure and local governments, sending experts to cities to propose solutions that would make them “smarter and more effective”. IBM defined a smart city as “one that makes optimal use of all the interconnected information available today to better understand and control its operations and optimize the use of limited resources.” Similarly, Cisco defines smart cities as those, which adopt “scalable solutions that take advantage of information and communications technology to increase efficiencies, reduce costs, and enhance the quality of life” (Karvonen, Cugurullo & Caprotti, 2018). Large technology companies thus drove this first wave of smart cities. For these companies, “the technological component is the key component to their conception of smart cities”. Their focus was on big city systems included energy, water, transport and the smart city definition focussed on the outcomes that the smart city would deliver through these systems, such as resource efficiency, improved decision making, etc. Since then, the definition of a smart city has been vigorously debated.
Figure 1: Concept of Smart City
(Source: Tian, Li & Chen, 2018)
The ‘smart city’ was popularised as a concept in early 2010 to describe how advances in technology and data could allow us to plan and run our cities better. Since then interest in the idea has exploded, attracting influence, investment, and criticism across the world (Sengers, Späth & Raven, 2018). This study aims to provide a global overview of why cities engage in the smart cities agenda, what challenges they meet along the way,and how they are attempting to solve them. During this research, 21 smart cities werestudied by the researcher, based on a mix of geography, population size, the maturity of a smart city strategy,and capacity to contribute to the project. This report lays out some of the principles and patterns that the researcher has seen across smart city strategies nowadays. The study focuses on how the transport system is changing to develop into a smart city. It further discusses the smart city strategies that the cities are adopting to improve the transport system. It also discusses how smart city strategies are being made, and how smart city strategies are being implemented. Through these case studies, a richer knowledge base for cities that are embarking on their transport in smart city strategies can be created, as well as a reference for those who are already some way through the journey.
2.2 Dimensions of a Smart City
The British Standards Institute and the UK Department of Business consider the smart city as a process. To make a city smart government needs citizen engagement, social capital,, and hard infrastructure London is a smart city in England. The smart city plan in London was launched in 2013. This plan was launched in London to support the economic growth and to solve all the challenges in economic growth by using technology (Junior et al., 2018). The smart city plan has six stands. London can increase the participation percentage of the entire city in the development plan of transportation in London city. London improved digital insertion and they give them access to open data to the entire citizen. Smart technologies can improve the management of London city’s infrastructure and London can give their city a new technology job.
The smart city plan in the transport system gets huge success in the London city. London city won many awards and prizes by using this smart city plan. They won a huge amount of money in future city demonstrator programme by TSB (Junior et al., 2018). London city also used the prize money of future city demonstrate programme to improve the London city’s infrastructure. Mainly they are focused on transport and energy and they create new heating networks in London. Now London using smart mobility system and smart bus ticketing system by which they can know the travel information for buses, this is also a result of the smart city plan. This smart bus ticketing programme is very helpful for the future improvement of transport services in London. This can provide all the information on the transport sector and by this London can plan the investment in the transport sector. All the citizens of London city also can access the data of all public departments by this smart city plan (Roman et al., 2018). London works in partnership with another smart city, which helps them to convert them into a smart city. Funding is the biggest issue to make a smart city nowadays. London gets the help of the government and the implement all the plan easily in the transport system.
Figure 2: Fundamentals of smart city
(Source: Roman et al., 2018)
2.3 Features & Examples of Smart City
Leeds also using the new smart city plans. The slogan of the smart city plan in Leeds is “getting leads working”. This smart city plan is a very long-term growth strategy for Leeds. Leeds is basically improving their healthcare section by using this smart city plan. Leeds wants to make an open platform for healthcare data, wants to make a simulation centre and clinical training centre by using this smart city plan (Ghaffarianhoseini et al., 2018). A health-related app and innovation lap in healthcare sector all a part of their smart city plan. Leeds makes a website for the entire citizen. This website basically provides all the council data and also from this website all the people can get the data of all organizations (Causone et al., 2018). The government also gives them the fund to implement their plan.
There is a council-owned partnership organization in Birmingham, which help Birmingham to make a smart city. This council formed a commission in July 2012. This council also launched a smart city roadmap in March 2014 (Vera-Baquero & Colomo-Palacios, 2018). The roadmap contains three groups and those are place and technology, people and the economy. The place basically includes the improvement of broadband connectivity and open data, people means in which section smart city plan focused on improving citizen’s ICT skills and digital inclusion and economy includes smart mobility, improving energy efficiency and digitalizing social care.
Higher education funding council for England gives a huge amount of money to Milton Keynes for the improvement of the city and implements the smart city plan in Milton Keynes in January 2014 (Angelidou et al., 2018). First, the city collected the data of where the improvement needed the most, and then they start work on those sections. Digitalisation is played an important role in Milton Keynes smart city plan they take many plans to decrease the carbon percentage in the air.
2.4 The Role of Innovation and Technology in Smart City
Embedding a smart city strategy into the overall vision document of the city is associated with linking the city’s smart city goals to the broader commitments of the city. In the research, only five cities had made their smart city strategies part of the cities’ overall vision. These cities were spread across all regions like Europe, Africa, North and South America and Australia. What they all had in common was the view that a city should have only one strategy and all “sub-strategies” should feed into this (Abdel-Basset & Mohamed, 2018). New York created a stand-alone strategy in early 2010 but has now integrated its digital plans in transport system within the overall city vision in order to help think about technology more holistically. Every department and arm’s length agency is driven by technology to achieve its goals. “Smart city” is a way to achieve goals rather than the goal itself.
Figure 3: Components of smart city
(Source: Abdel-Basset & Mohamed, 2018)
Many cities see technological solutions as enablers to achieve their goals such as service improvement and efficiency as well as cost effectiveness in the transport system. These are especially important in the face of rapid population growth, congestion and pressure on public services. Out of the eight cities that focused on city service efficiency, four are in Asia, and the rest in Europe and North and South America. These cities share a large and growing population that puts pressure on city services (Abdel-Basset & Mohamed, 2018). The interviewee from Berlin, for example, pointed out that the city is growing at such an unprecedented rate that it needs to use technology in order to increase the quality of life of citizens. Similarly, in Wuhan, technology is seen as the best cure for the biggest pain point of the city, traffic congestion.
In the recent past, Smart City innovation has relied heavily on big hardware deployments, which are enabled by CapEx investments. Many smaller communities found themselves insufficiently equipped to deal with such endeavours, lacking the know-how, rudimentary infrastructures and cash to take similar innovations to their own constituents (Dutta, Roy & Chowdhury, 2018). Digitization strategies of a more evolved kind, however, are data and cloud-driven. While rudimentary broadband infrastructure remains a prerequisite, even smarter city services can be provided and procured as-a-service. For example, smart parking and even outdoor light can be brought to you as a service, while the insights delivered through data analytics on top of such services can come as an intelligent service also. This trend vastly increases the potential to plan, procure, deploy and leverage smart city solutions seamlessly and securely, without the CapEx investment extravaganzas of the past. Technology know-how becomes less of a cornerstone requirement as part of procurement procedures, while a deep understanding and well-articulated set of expectations of service levels and key performance indicators will determine success at large (Bruneo et al., 2018). This lowers the threshold for smaller communities to enter the smart arena, with regional collaboration serving as a key enabler for collective action.
‘Softer’ enablers such as an innovation ecosystem and crowd sourcing applications and solutions from citizens are being increasingly deployed to achieve strategic aims – an approach which is likely to increase as city authority budgets become more constrained (Sebastian, Sivagurunathan & Ganeshan, 2018). The Helsinki Smart Region strategy explicitly states the importance of innovation for achieving the region’s economic, environmental and social goals: “There is a need to create strong regional innovation ecosystems as platforms for collaboration, learning, and co-creation, as well as test beds for rapid prototyping of many types of user-driven innovations, based on transformative and scalable systems.”
2.5 Smart City and Its Innovation in Transportation
Like much of the rest of the world, UK is facing a number of profound changes in several social areas, driven by factors including demography and climate. These challenges are putting huge demands on the public sector in many of its areas of responsibility, such as education, elder care, health care and environmental protection (Gretzel, Ham & Koo, 2018). New structures, solutions and public-private co-operation in various forms, as well as a large element of digitalisation, are necessary for Europe to remain competitive and overcome the challenges society is confronting. Several of these issues have already begun to be addressed within the framework of various projects and programmes aimed at creating smart cities and smart services in terms of transport system. One success factor in the work with smart cities and services will be to expand the discussion beyond IT and telecommunications and see the big picture from a societal perspective, including issues of quality for citizens and development in key social areas (Sarabia-Jacome et al., 2018). The technical development of smart cities, services, and applications are proceeding apace, based on areas such as the Internet of Things, cloud services, and big data. However, in many respects, individuals lack a cohesive understanding of the public perspective on the creation of a smart city. For a city, with it is complex units and operations, creating good opportunities for interoperability among applications and technologies and ensuring synergies and economies of scale across them all, is a major challenge. An important key to success is to avoid vertical solutions at risk of functioning as silos (Borsekova & Nijkamp, 2018). This requires a horizontal approach in which shared, horizontal layers are created that contain clear standards and guidelines for applications and technologies. It will be a key task for every city to define a “game plan” for its evolution towards becoming a smart city. What conceptual model for development is chosen and how to best create an open environment that fosters competition, diversity, and innovation.
Smart City transport development is at the same time highly complex and challenging. The integration of urban systems into one “system of systems” capable of self-adaptation and self-management is difficult. There are constraints on system interoperability and reuse of data, and hetero generous sources of quantitative and qualitative data provided by the open government, citizen science and other projects and low capacity for connecting data to analytical models (Xia et al., 2018). Smart Cities raise serious concerns related to citizens’ privacy, government surveillance and other digital rights. There are also other issues with connecting urban sustainability challenges to actionable approaches, social and territorial cohesion issues requiring unique governance solutions, and the different discourse used by technologists and policymakers. In the end, it is critical that Smart Cities are not driven by particular ideological positions or commercial interests, but rather embrace public value in all economic, social, ecological, and political dimensions (Cowley, Joss & Dayot, 2018).
3.0 Case Studies
There are many examples of smart cities. Among all of the countries, the cities in the United Kingdom have outshone themselves (Tian, Li & Chen, 2018). The ‘smart city’ was popularised as a concept in early 2010 to describe how advances in technology and data could allow to plan and run our cities better. Since then interest in the idea has exploded, attracting influence, investment, and criticism across the world (Sengers, Späth & Raven, 2018). This study aims to provide a global overview of why cities engage in the smart cities agenda in the transport system, what challenges they meet along the way and how they are attempting to solve them. During this research, few cities are studied by the researcher, based on a mix of geography, population size, the maturity of smart city strategy and capacity to contribute to the project. This report lays out some of the principles and patterns that the researcher has seen across smart city strategies in transport system nowadays. The case studies focus on how the smart city concept is changing, and what smart city strategies are trying to do. It also discusses how smart city strategies are being made, how smart city strategies are being implemented. Through these case studies, a richer knowledge base for cities that are embarking on their own smart city strategies can be created, as well as a reference for those who are already some way through the journey.
Thus in the following text, the discussion is made on the cities of the United Kingdom which are smart, according to the collected data.
3.1 London
London has strived itself to fit into this smart city realm. In order to do so it started a plan five years ago in 2013 in which it would adopt a plan which would bring about a change in the transport, public, communication and digital sector of the city but this change will bring about good to the citizens as the city would try to shape itself as being smart (Karvonen, Cugurullo & Caprotti, 2018). So Theo Blackwell, the chief digital officer in London said that the city would have two prime prospects one to put pressure in seeking the course of innovation and another to set up a team of skilled technicians who would shape their technological circuit.
Transport service is more than just a car in a smart city in London. Transport services are needed to upgrade to the next level in a smart city so that citizens can see bus, bike and taxi availability anytime. A smart city can make car sharing smarter; it also can make parking more transparent and frictionless by using the Internet of technology (Barkham, Bokhari & Saiz, 2018). Internet of technology plays a most important role in a smart city. A smart city of London can upgrade every aspect of the transportation system by using IOT.
The smart transports plan also a part of the smart city. Smart bus and taxis are the effective results of a smart city plan. A smart bus and taxis helps the entire city to live smartly and work smartly. People need to know what a smart city all about is, and that thing can come from a smart house or office (Meijer & Thaens, 2018). A smart bus and taxis makes half works done to convert the city of London into a smart city.
Figure 4: Smart City London
(Source: Meijer & Thaens, 2018)
Developing integrated infrastructures in London with the support of integrated technologies can lead to a better service for citizens, but can also enhance the city’s resilience to safety and security risks (Borsekova & Nijkamp, 2018). Urban safety and resilience are becoming a central issue in debates about the future of cities in London. The observed increase in extreme weather events has revealed a number of vulnerabilities of present cities.
3.2 Bristol
According to many sources, Bristol has further advanced itself in the race of smart cities and also has surpassed London. The techniques that are used by Bristol are much more advanced, and they are working on a highly coordinated fashion to achieve their goal (Sengers, Späth & Raven, 2018). By statistical calculations, it is seen and observed that Bristol has a better transport navigation system than London (Maestre et al., 2018). Their teleportation circuit has also grown to be a boon in this field. Thus by the end of 2016, they proved to be the smartest city in the United Kingdom. Another thing that Bristol has mastered is that community engagement services. They ought to bring together communities so that there can be a better mingling of them and also the city’s societal atmosphere can get benefitted by it (Dickey, 2018).
Figure 5: Bristol is leading the UK in Smart city development
(Source: Dickey, 2018)
The smart city plan of Bristol launched in 2011. The plan was to reduce the co2 emission by using smart technology. There were also some new plans to make Bristol a smart city by 2020. The strategy was basically focused on the smart energy, smart data, and smart spaces in Bristol (Arif et al., 2018). Bristol was looking for a new mechanism, which will help them to make a smart city. Council’s smart team exploring new plans and new ideas to make the Bristol a smart city. TSB also helps the Bristol by giving them a huge amount of money. Through “the future cities demonstrator programme” of TSB, the Bristol gets £3 million, which helps them to open a living lab (Brorström et al., 2018). Living lab basically collected all the data from different sources and encourages the entire citizen by hosting many hack events. The city plan also includes the feedback of the citizen’s and that also help the Bristol to improve all the mistakes and convert into a smart city.
3.3 Glasgow
This city turned out to be magnificent when smart city planning came to play. In 2013, Glasgow won 24 million pounds which would be needed to aid their technological circuit (Reeves, 2018). Glasgow did full justice to it. By the end of five years, they turned up to be one of the top smartest cities in the United Kingdom and also in the world. They had a key role in innovation that played and in turn, helped them succeed. Innovation is something that can be in people themselves (Dezi et al., 2018). This innovation is the next version of the same people. By this Glasgow helped to keep its position up and also mark the top smartest cities of the World.
Funding for smart city projects is still carved out of the overall city or department budgets, either funding through existing spend, IT, lighting contracts or through designated ‘smart city’ spend, which is typically relatively small. It is therefore difficult to identify the exact amount local authorities allocate to such projects (Khan et al., 2018). Even though a lot of the finance for smart city projects comes from an overall city budget, Glasgow has found it most beneficial to have a designated budget for innovation initiatives. Often, cities that have a smart cities unit also have a designated budget for smart city activities. Similarly, in Johannesburg, the Mayor in each 3-year budget allocates smart cities funding, and departments submit proposals for smart city projects. Many cities still rely on either national or in the case of Europe, EU funding. Several countries have launched or are considering launching Smart Cities’ competitions, including the UK, the US, and Canada (AlEnezi, AlMeraj & Manuel, 2018). This demonstrates the increasing importance of the smart city agenda for national governments, which perceive smart cities as a growing market that can create export opportunities and attract foreign investment.
3.4 Manchester
Manchester is the city where every citizen’s heart beats for football. The city of Sir Alex Ferguson also wanted to fit into the realm of smart city planning. Their way of thriving for smart city planning was to advance not only their digital circuit but also their retail sensing circuit. Now every city has a retail sensing sector this sector sees where the city have the proper environment and infrastructure and the resource to set up a business (Angelidou et al., 2018).
Now to start up a business the most important thing is a resource which can be of three types labour, land and capital. The city decided to give land and capital to the business planners so in return it will help the city’s gross GDP (Füzi, Sikora & Gryszkiewicz, 2018). Now another thing is that the city government can relax and thus provide the business founder with policies that will help the business. The taxation and the policies of the government should not be as stringent so it will help the business firm (Yiming, 2018). Lastly the capital, the government can bring about with small plans in which it will attract groups which want to do business and also support them with a basic percentage of capital (Paskaleva, Cooper & Concilo, 2018). This help in financing the initial input given by the business firm. By these ways, Manchester has reached its position to be one of the top cities in the United Kingdom.
Manchester has a history of digital innovation and success in the knowledge economy. When the smart city agenda rose to prominence, smart city ideas easily landed in the city’s new urban strategy, “Our Manchester”. But the city has not, to date, adopted a formal strategy specifically for a smart city. Instead of waiting for formal adoption, the city has actively bid for and initiated large-scale smart city projects, learning along the way (Shen et al., 2018). Manchester was able to do this because of the city benefits from strong support for innovation from leadership, a productive local digital economy, and pre-existing networks of businesses that are engaged in the digital, innovation and smart city agenda. Thus, if a major function of a city strategy is to align and engage key stakeholders, in Manchester’s case they were already aligned thanks to its legacy of innovation. Now Manchester has a portfolio of large, high-profile projects like City Verve and there is a movement towards creating a strategy for pulling these projects together and building on them (Andrisano et al., 2018). This step will allow Manchester to build greater transport collaboration across the city.
3.5 Oxford
Oxford made its position in this race for the smartest city by building a strong infrastructure on the informational ground. The information system of Oxford is great they are very much in grip, and their information hub starts to get their way as they build this strong setup. In order to do it started a plan five years ago in 2013 that it would adopt a plan which would bring about a change in the transport, public, communication and digital sector of the city but this change will bring about good to the citizens as the city would try to shape itself as being smart (Komninos, 2018). They ought to bring together communities so that there can be a better mingling of them and also the city’s societal atmosphere can get benefitted by it. This Oxford has been to keep its name in the smart cities of the United Kingdom.
No matter what this movement is, it has also ran into many difficulties in trying to achieve the full potential of a ‘data economy’. Owners hold much of the most valuable data of the transport system in the city with little incentive to provide the data free, particularly as doing so come with security and piracy risks (Soga et al., 2018). These issues around open systems and property are giving rise to business and technical model innovations in transport, which are, seek to encourage an open access and while providing incentives, like Manchester is a partner of Synchrony City, a European project to establish a single digital market (Joshi, Vaidya & Deshmukh, 2018).
Many of the needs of Oxford centre on providing and maintaining modern transport infrastructure, which includes roads, transport, bridges system, transit systems. Since this built environment lasts a long time, getting the right infrastructure in place shapes a city for decades to come (Dickey, 2018). Planning a city with the right transport infrastructure, and not merely replicating past practices that often have been haphazard, means relying more on evidence and analysis about how sustainable cities can and should grow.
3.6 Liverpool
Liverpool also houses citizens who are mad at their football fans. The main thing that the Liverpool strived was business (Papadopoulou & Giaoutzi, 2018). For that reason, Liverpool had gone through an organisational check-up among the business structures. The transport structures of business are described henceforth. Transport structure is set by the travel company, which defines how it allocates, coordinates and supervises tasks to achieve an organised goal (Dickey, 2018). To be more efficient, quirky and flexible in their circuit they require these structures which help them to bridge a link between their organisation and its environment, from an individual’s point of view. Depending on the organisation’s objective, it is the operating mode, and different function and processes for different entities an organisation creates its structure (Angelidou et al., 2018). These plans let Liverpool be in the race of smart city in terms of transport innovation.
Increasingly, the services provided by cities, everything from traffic control to elderly care are moving into a digital environment and are taking on digital components or ancillary services. In this context, it is vital that Liverpool assumes responsibility for the digital infrastructure in transportation, just as it previously assumed responsibility for analog services and infrastructures and ensured that they worked efficiently together. In doing so, the city will assure its strategic governance and development of the areas for which it is responsible, now and also in the future (Hasbini, Eldabi & Aldallal, 2018).
Figure 9: Tube Innovation in Railway by Recycling Waste Energy
(Source: Hasbini, Eldabi & Aldallal, 2018)
Smart City initiatives in Liverpool are typically top-down, which is led by the government, rather than bottom-up, which is driven by citizens, constituting a potential issue with local relevance and sustainability. There are various efforts to create smart city standards through innovating the transport system, which is included by the British standards institute and the international organization for Standardization. However, there is a lack of agreed means to support interoperability across city systems in transportation (Fernandez-Anez, Fernández-Güell & Giffinger, 2018). This is inhibiting cities from being able to, like optimise real-time multimodal transport data; integrate renewable energy sources into the grid and enable more dynamic operations, reduce variation in building systems, really exploit location-based information, increase citizen participation, or provide common platforms for developers.
3.7 Birmingham
The City of Birmingham has been selected as one of five winners in the 2018 Smart Cities Readiness Challenge Grant competition (Elhoseny et al., 2018). In awarding the grant, the Smart Cities Council called Birmingham “an inspiring example of how a mid-size city can lead the way toward liability, workability and sustainability in transport,” and said that the city “works diligently to ensure that its initiatives benefit multiple departments and multiple populations (Komninos, 2018). Transport companies trying to spread the model of the smart city plan. While this they face some problems. They spread all the new technology beyond a single city and they fund themselves. Cities are mainly worried about locking themselves into a relationship with single transport providers. The open data motion has achieved traction worldwide, encouraging many city governments to free their data by open data portals as part of a clear agenda (Bures et al., 2018). These capabilities of innovation in transport are frequently the beginning for cities moving into the smart city plan, as they can see the perspective to leverage this data to tonic innovation from the bigger city ecosystem.
Standardisation can provide confidence in the transport market of Birmingham as it can support the industrialisation of solutions, align approaches between city systems; speed up reliability, and help to create scale. As such, different forms of standards, which are included guides, frameworks, protocols and technical specifications, must be employed in the transport system of Birmingham (Brorström et al., 2018). For smart cities, the variety of systems, the increased integration across them, and the dynamic and growing volumes of shared data present a particularly challenging context.
Developing countries like Birmingham tend to pursue Smart People and Smart Governance dimensions less arguably the areas of their most pressing need. The study found that Smart City developments in transport system typically pursue Smart Environment, Smart Living, and Smart Economy dimensions instead. Locally driven non-governmental transport organizations are important to balance commercial interests and deliver sustainable benefits to people, but according to the study developing countries have half the number of NGOs that developed countries have participating in Smart City initiatives in transport. Developing countries have a two to one planning to implementation ratio among its Smart City initiatives, in contrast to the one to one ratio in developed countries (Joshi, Vaidya & Deshmukh, 2018). This highlights a need for research to inform Smart City transport planning in developing countries like Birmingham.
4.0 Analysis and Discussion
4.1 Social Innovation
Making a city smart through advanced transport system is the most challenging work in this era. People need to think about the socio-economic development so that they can make them consistent with new social need. Social inclusion and territorial livability is also most part of this smart city plan (Paskaleva, Cooper & Concilo, 2018). There is much section in which the development plan is needed the most to make a city smart and those are mobility, economic, environment, living and people etc. sustainability and competitiveness play a great role in the transport system of smart city. If a city does not have, sustainability and competitiveness that means those cities are not smart at all. Between 2015 and 2050, the population of this world will increase by 33%. Global technology transport companies are also helped by this smart city plan (Elhoseny et al., 2018). Those companies are taking this opportunity to sell new technology and digital information to a smart city. A smart transport payment system also added some value in a smart city plan. All the citizen of those cities can get the benefit from that. They can spend their money without any problem with entertainment, events and more places in this digital payment system.
Now a day digital payment technology in transport is a preview of smart cities upcoming commerce. A smart commerce can send push notification which based on proximity to “brick-and-mortar” locations and also can go a little extended to understand the needs of citizens of a smart city. In a city, there are many ways of entertainment (Karvonen, Cugurullo & Caprotti, 2018). Sporting events, community events, concerts are already there in a city, but those are now disconnected just because of today’s internet of technology. In a smart city, citizens can use their smartphone to get all the information about all entertainment events which going to happen in their city from home by just a click. A smart transport system can give their citizen more and more benefits like this, but they need some technology innovation on some field. A smart city needs to upgrade their ticketing services, social touch points and point of sale devices to give all those benefits to their citizens (Dickey, 2018).
If a city can prove them sufficiently comprehensive, then only a smart city plan can become victorious. Smart city strategy covers the way for digital insertion. Larger and smaller communities collaborate, procure, set innovation programme, economies of aggregate and scale demand, digital insertion can be addressed successfully. Large cities deal with the transport digitalization in a better way than the smaller cities (Elhoseny et al., 2018). Large cities have more resources and they know how to use them and how to implement the entire smart city plan.
Data do not have a natural pattern of striking the brakes when it arrives at geographical limits. Digital innovation can be happening back from outstretching beyond the city limits. No matter what they are deployed or procured, in the end, they still managed (Alharbi & Aspinall, 2018). There are also some digital innovations, which are only making sense when they are scaled beyond city limits.
Tel Aviv’s centre on crowdsourcing and innovation is seen as an inventive way to bring smart city transport projects with restricted finance and budgets. The Inter-American Development Bank accepts Tel Aviv’s ability to deploy it is start-up ecosystem in order to bring solutions that do not need big public expenditure (Bibri, 2018). “One of the greatest strengths of Tel Aviv’s smart city transport plan is their ability to harness the perspective of its thriving; innovative start-up ecosystem to drive solutions to press needs. The city is supporting at least three transportation apps. The benefits of this collaboration are threefold. It provides a great service to citizens, which is continuously improving due to market demand, it decreases public expenditure, and it supports and encourages new, innovative businesses”.
The transformation of a city into smart transportation network form presents its stakeholders a wide range of challenges, including benefits and consequences when such a transformation is undertaken. A promising approach to understand where the city suffers from inefficiencies and where the opportunities lie is to model a city as a collection of activity domains, where various groups of stakeholders participate in operating and sustaining the city as a whole (Rodrigo & Kelin, 2018). Within a city, typical examples of the bodies representing these various groups of stakeholders are local governments, public and private corporations, academia, healthcare institutions, cultural associations, religious congregations and financial firms. These different types of bodies have their respective missions and goals, which form the suite of complex drivers that influence the operation, management, and transformation of a city.
4.2 Sustainable Development
With more than half of the world’s population already living in urban areas, and that percentage expected to rise to 75 percent by 2050, it is clear that the path to sustainable development must pass through cities (Memos et al., 2018). However, exactly how cities should organize themselves to advance green growth for all and improve the day-to-day lives of residents remains open to debate.
Cities face a number of environmental sustainability challenges, generated by the city itself or caused by weather or geological events. To reduce the impact of the city on the environment resource it is important to promote the efficient and intelligent deployment of technology and to integrate infrastructures.
This process can also be developed in such a manner as to increase the resilience of the city to environmental shocks (Wu et al., 2018). These three pillars have one common denominator, namely the need to achieve more and better with less efficiency. Efficiency must also be achieved in a manner that brings benefits and opportunities to citizens, making the city more dynamic and participatory.
Figure 11: Guiding principles to sustainable smart cities
(Source: Wu et al., 2018)
Interoperability is a key to manage systems of systems and to open markets to competitive solutions. While the world is today experiencing the internet of things revolution, which is driven by the appearance of smart devices, such as wireless sensors, radio-frequency identification tags and IP-enabled devices, different producers, are generating technologies using their own communication specifications and data protocols (Lepekhin, Borremans & Iliashenko, 2018). Future interoperability can only be guaranteed through the existence of international standards ensuring that components from different suppliers and technologies can interact seamlessly. Continued best practice sharing and development of common standards to ensure that data can flow freely between systems is essential while maintaining the need to protect confidentiality and individual privacy.
A recent two-day workshop at the World Bank focused on how public decision-makers not just mayors and city councilors, but policymakers at all levels of government can embrace the idea of “smart cities” as a way to reconcile growth and sustainability (Sierra, Vesga & Medina, 2018). Inclusive, sustainable growth is necessary to achieve poverty reduction, said Abha Joshi-Ghani, urban sector manager at the World Bank.
The workshop brought together representatives from the private sector, multilateral development banks, governments, housing authorities, academia, and civil society organizations. All are convinced of the need for “smart cities” to become the norm in urban planning, even if everyone has a slightly different view of what constitutes a “smart city” in the transport system. There are different digital technology models for cities in the transport system, from Digital Cities to Intelligent Cities to Smart Cities, which are incorporated according to the degree and nature of digital technology capacity of the city (Bronk, Lipka, & Niski, 2018). Digital Cities integrate digital technology into the city’s core infrastructure systems, while Intelligent Cities rely on the Digital City infrastructure to build intelligent buildings, transportation systems, schools, enterprises, public spaces, and public services, and integrate these into intelligent urban systems. Smart Cities deploy intelligent urban systems to serve socio-economic and ecological development and to improve quality of life and address the origins of social instability in cities.
The Smart Sustainable transport concept advanced in this report best realizes the benefits of Smart Cities as it focuses on a continuous transformative process, based on stakeholder engagement and collaboration, and building different types of human, institutional and technical capacities (Papadopoulou & Giaoutzi, 2018). In this model, the city contributes to improving the quality of life of its citizens by pursuing socio-economic development and protecting natural resources among other locally defined priorities.
The study learned for instance that Smart City initiatives can help overcome the limitations of traditional urban development that tends to manage urban infrastructure systems in silos (Abdel-Basset & Mohamed, 2018). The soloed system leads to poor information sharing between systems, functions, and stakeholders, such as citizens, businesses, government and civil society organizations. Smart City initiatives leverage data and services offered by digital technologies, such as cloud computing, open data sets, or the Internet of Things to help connect city stakeholders, improve citizen involvement, offer new or enhance existing services and provide context-aware views on city operations (Nesti, 2018). A city-wide digital infrastructure can help integrate different urban infrastructure systems including energy, water, sewage, or transport, and enable efficient management, control and optimization of such systems. These initiatives also address environmental and human-capacity issues (Sengers, Späth, & Raven, 2018).
4.3 Infrastructure
Infrastructure in the transportation for a smart city plays a great role to establish smart city architecture and framework. The number of recent establishes smart city is few in this world. Lack of integrated infrastructures and city entities can create significant inefficiencies, risks, and will affect a city’s economy (Abdel-Basset & Mohamed, 2018). An accident in one infrastructure, such as the rupture of water pipes can affect other networks. Future transport infrastructure has to be designed to be resilient to such events. This resilience requires a better integration of the infrastructures and more access to open data. Presently different operators manage water, electricity and telecommunications infrastructure separately (Sengers, Späth, & Raven 2018). These operators do not communicate and are generally ignorant of the infrastructure of operators of other services.
The reference model developed within the framework of this report may serve as a basis for defining the conceptual model that every city needs to establish and which may provide assessment and decision support. Based on the reference model and five strategic assessment criteria, which are flexibility, finances, innovation, knowledge and security and the report highlights three specific market models, practical applications of the reference model. The market models are the operator model, the specialist model, and the collaboration model, which have different properties and characteristics and thus generate different effects and consequences for each individual city (Leite, 2018).
The market models are included in the Operator Model, the Specialist Model and the Collaboration Model – have different properties and characteristics and thus generate different effects and consequences for each individual city. One central issue in the choice of market model is the view of the city’s role and responsibility for creating open solutions and fostering competition and innovation (Sebastian, Sivagurunathan & Ganeshan, 2018). In many respects, the choice of a market model is critical to a city’s opportunities to actively shape its evolution as a smart city.
Based on the assessment through the reference model, the following it can be observed that the Specialist Model and the Operator Model have weaknesses compared to the Collaboration Model. The distinguishing characteristic of the Operator Model is that a smart city chooses to have an external actor assuming overall responsibility, inter alia resulting in lock-in effects (Valdez et al., 2018). The distinguishing characteristic of the Specialist Model is multiple actors that develop vertical solutions for various areas, which risks resulting in fragmentation. The Collaboration Model, where the city assumes main responsibility for the transport infrastructure, is the most effective model, as it generates the following positive effects. It gives the city’s own operations and external actors access to an open and operator-neutral fiber infrastructure, which provides opportunities for competition and diversity to the benefit of consumers, reduces the risk of virtualisation and lock-in effects and gives the city possibility to efficient and competitive public procurements and supplier contracts (Alaverdyan, KUČERA & Horak, 2018). It gives the city an opportunity to drive horizontal solutions that facilitate a higher and degree of interoperability among applications and technologies while providing greater potential for synergy effects and ensuring economies of scale. The city can develop a specifying organisation in which procurement and development do not occur in silos and key skills can be retained. This makes it possible to more efficiently link internal needs to external actors and suppliers. The Collaboration Model also gives the city the opportunity to maintain control over central data, privacy and security aspects (Krivý, 2018).
5.0 Conclusion
The use of technology is changing everyday life for people in cities. Thus, the city is evolving to meet their needs. This is nothing new, people only need to see how the elevator made possible high-rise buildings, or how cars allowed cities to grow horizontally. Nevertheless, the pervasive nature of digital technology means that this change is affecting people’s lives at an unprecedented pace (Han & Hawken, 2018). As digital technology spread across the globe, the concept of a ‘smart city’ was popularised as a concept in early 2010 to describe the use of these new advances in technology and data to make better decisions about governing cities and delivering services. Since then, interest in the concept has exploded, attracting influence, investment, and criticism across the world.
It is in this context that a review of smart transport system city strategies is critical. Strategies serve as a mechanism for cities to renew themselves. Understanding why and how cities are creating smart city strategies is vital when designing and improving future strategies. It is just as important to understand how these strategies are delivered because, in most parts of the world, these strategies are not statutory (Maestre et al., 2018). One potential impact of this is market uncertainty resulting in low levels of investor confidence. For these reasons, Future Cities Catapult has embarked on an ambitious research programme to take stock of the rich experience of smart city strategies that are emerging on every continent.
The process for creating a strategy needs to be tailored to the local and to a lesser extent the national context. A collaborative approach is more likely to result in greater long-term participation by the citizens as the process provides the basis to improve levels of awareness, ownership, transparency, and credibility (Yiming, 2018). More often than not this approach develops a strategy that is tailored more directly towards citizen needs and therefore has a greater chance of achieving improved outcomes for those who live and work in the city. Moreover, the collaborative approach can tackle one of the most important implementation challenges for smart city projects. That is the need for buy-in from multiple diverse stakeholders. This collaborative approach will usually take longer to complete and require greater levels of resources (Angelidou et al., 2018). In rapidly urbanising areas, however, in some smart city, the length of time involved with a more collaborative approach is seen as unlikely to meet the need for more rapid decision-making. Whilst this meets an immediate need, there is emerging concern that a rebalancing towards a more collaborative approach may be needed to ensure citizens’ needs are more fully met. Citizen engagement, user-centred design methods, and co-creation could help governments understand the most pressing issues better (Maestre et al., 2018).
The study finds that the shift in the discourse around the transport system of smart cities, from technology-led to city-led, has been mirrored in the ambitions of smart city strategies created over the last five years. Furthermore, the analysis of their driver’s shows that quality of life, citizen empowerment and safety are important to many of the officials that are leading smart city strategies. This suggests that those charged with driving these strategies forward are championing the shift towards citizens. City authorities have at their disposal a raft of levers and enablers, which on analysis are not being fully utilized (Komninos, 2018). These include those around procurement and spatial planning. City authorities procure millions of pounds of services on an annual basis, yet very rarely is much thought given to how the scoping of such services can be enhanced through digital technology. Similarly, in spatial planning, little attention is given as to how planning policies can encourage developers to roll out digital infrastructure.
6.0. Limitation of the study
The key challenge highlighted in the research, however, is the lack of strong leadership, skills, and capacity across all levels of local government. Political buy-in is essential for maintaining the momentum of the smart city agenda. That momentum can become unstuck as the political cycle turns, so strategies need to convert to affect that can be recognised across political divides. Further challenges include the lack of innovative procurement, cross-city collaboration, private sector engagement, and interoperability (Elhoseny et al., 2018). The cities in our survey are taking steps to deal with these challenges, from promoting more innovative procurement to creating citywide networks that encourage collaboration. Their experiences are what leads to make the following recommendations.
Smart city means where smart transportation is provided on demand and a city that uses smart sensors to tell people where to park their vehicle downtown. That knows when people garbage needs to be collected, that has open data access (Bures et al., 2018). That uses smart algorithms to coordinate hospital and vaccination capacities. A smart city takes action in all of these areas based on a strategic and integrated planning approach and a comprehensive and high quality IT infrastructure. It sounds too good to be true. Different cities already do each of the things today, But no single city exists that ticks all the boxes. For the world’s urban centers, a complete set of smart services is not something they currently offer. In many cases, it is not even something they are planning to offer in the future. People know this from their groundbreaking investigation of 87 global cities. This is the first systematic study of cities’ smart strategies on such a scale. People took a close look at cities from UK, from regional centres of less than half a million to megacities of more than 20 million (Memos et al., 2018). The paper examined their official “smart city strategies” and other strategic policies to discover what they were up to. It also looked at where they are headed in the coming years and decades. The results took the researcher by surprise. The “smart city” has been an agenda item for many years now and there is a widespread acknowledgment that smart city strategies are of vital importance to the development of urban areas. Nevertheless, the situation on the ground is very patchy. Most cities are simply not taking a broad enough approach. They lack a holistic perspective that covers all parts of society and all relevant facets of urban life. In this study, the researcher looks at how cities around the world are embracing the smart revolution and the multibillion-dollar market it has created (Costa et al., 2018). The report pointed out where one believes there is scope for improvement and the ways in which cities can effectively achieve it. Urban centres need to develop an interconnected, integrated approach, one that brings together areas traditionally viewed as separate, energy and mobility, government and health, education and environment, and so on. Their aim must be to forge a holistic smart city strategy that encompasses every area of citizens’ lives.
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